Applications – FTP, HTTP, SSH. EU-Apps
Transport [TCP,UDP] – Delivery of data to apps. Uses segments.
Network [IP,ICMP] – Basic comm, H/W, routing. Uses packets.
Link [ARP, DevDrvrs] – NW H/W, devdrvs. Uses frames.
Physical – Copper Wires, physical medium, cables, Ethernet, Optical fibres, FDDI, ATM, IPX/SPX, Token ring
MTU and fragmentation
6-byte MAC addresses and "http://www.iana.org/assignments/ethernet-numbers for the first 3 bytes.
4-byte quad-dot, IP addrs, virtual Loopback addr,Ports, /etc/services, sockets, Privileged and Well-known ports
Address types –
Unicast – addrs that refer to a single host [NIC actually]
Multicast – addrs that identify a group of hosts [224 to 239] Good for videoconferencing
Broadcast – addrs that include all the hosts on the local network
Routing – Routing Tables, ICMP redirects
Static routing
/etc/sysconfig/static-routes : eth0 net 192.168.0.20 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.10
netstat -r, netstat –rn
The destination is a NW address
The gateway must be a host address of a m/c which specifies that pkts must be sent to it to reach the destination address.
Gateway is the default route
Configuring static routes
route add –net 192.168.0.10 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.0.10 eth1
route add default gw 192.168.0.10 eth0
/etc/sysconfig/network : GATEWAY=x.x.x.x and the default route
Local DNS and name resolution : and /etc/host.conf, /etc/nsswitch.conf
Dynamic routing – routed, gated
ICMP redirects
ARP – The Addr resolution protocol
mii-tool – Configuring autonegotiation and other media-specific options
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Network Interfaces Config tools :
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